Juana Romani (originally named Carolina Carlesimo) was born in Velletri (1869). At the age of ten she left for Paris with her mother and stepfather, Temistocle Romani, an engineer who was seeking employment there. They settled in the Latin Quarter and she was put to work as a model for several art schools. It was not long, however, before Filippo Colarossi (1841-1906), founder of the Académie Colarossi, took a special interest in her, inviting her to work and study at his school.

In 1882, she posed for "Diana the Huntress", a well-known sculpture by Alexandre Falguière. She also posed for Carolus-Duran, Ferdinand Roybet, who gave her lessons, and Jean-Jacques Henner, with whom she had a brief affair. At the age of nineteen "Il Romani", as she was called, decided to pursue her own career in art. That same year, she changed her first name to "Juana", the Spanish equivalent of her middle name, "Giovanna".

She began to exhibit her works in 1888 at the Salon of the Société des Artistes Français and exhibited with them regularly until 1904. She was especially valued as a painter of female portraits, including many women from notable families, often depicting them as mythological or symbolic figures. One of her portraits was awarded a silver medal at the Exposition Universelle (1889). In 1901, she donated 5,000 lire to the art school in her hometown. Four years later, it was officially renamed the Scuola d'Arte Juana Romani.

Her work was also well received by the critics. In 1896, Louis Gonse  of "Le Monde moderne" declared that she was more skillful than her mentor, Roybet. She usually painted directly on the canvas, without preliminary sketching..

In her later years, she became mentally unsound and was confined to a psychiatric hospital in Paris. She died there, forgotten, around 1924. Many of her paintings can be seen at the Musée d'Orsay.